C# 10 released as part of .NET 6 and Visual Studio 2022
(8 November 2021)

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C# 10 released as part of .NET 6 and Visual Studio 2022
This C# 10 version includes many new features that make our web app developers' code more expressive and faster and makes ASP.NET Minimal APIs even more straightforward with simplified lambdas.

C# 10 adds the following features and enhancements to the C# language:
  • Record structs
  • Improvements of structure types
  • Interpolated string handlers
  • Global using directives
  • File-scoped namespace declaration
  • Extended property patterns
  • Improvements on lambda expressions
  • Allow const interpolated strings
  • Record types can seal ToString()
  • Improved definite assignment
  • Allow both assignment and declaration in the same deconstruction
  • Allow AsyncMethodBuilder attribute on methods
  • CallerArgumentExpression attribute
  • Enhanced #line pragma
C# is an object-oriented (class-based) programming language that was first released by Microsoft in 2000. New Media Aid app engineers started using C# a year later in 2001 when it was released with the .NET Framework and Visual Studio in late 2001. New Media Aid's web app development team have been using C# for over 20 years on a daily basis to develop bespoke enterprise web apps and APIs.

The four basic principles of object-oriented programming are:
  • Abstraction Modeling the relevant attributes and interactions of entities as classes to define an abstract representation of a system.
  • Encapsulation Hiding the internal state and functionality of an object and only allowing access through a public set of functions.
  • Inheritance Ability to create new abstractions based on existing abstractions.
  • Polymorphism Ability to implement inherited properties or methods in different ways across multiple abstractions.
The creators of the Java programming language called C# an imitation of Java. New Media Aid's app engineers have found it very easy to switch between C# and Java when developing web apps and web APIs in C# and when developing Android apps in Java. However, since the release of C# 2.0 in November 2005, the C# and Java languages have evolved on different trajectories and have become two quite different programming languages.

C# programs consist of one or more files. Each file contains zero or more namespaces. A namespace contains types such as classes, structs, interfaces, enumerations, and delegates, or other namespaces.

The Main method is the entry point of a C# application. (Libraries and services do not require a Main method as an entry point.) When the application is started, the Main method is the first method that is invoked.

There can only be one entry point in a C# program. If you have more than one class that has a Main method, you must compile your program with the StartupObject compiler option to specify which Main method to use as the entry point. Starting in C# 9, you don't have to explicitly include a Main method in a console application project. Instead, you can use the top-level statements feature to minimize the code you have to write. In this case, the compiler generates a class and Main method entry point for the application.

C# is a strongly typed language. Every variable and constant has a type, as does every expression that evaluates to a value. Every method declaration specifies a name, the type and kind (value, reference, or output) for each input parameter and for the return value. The .NET class library defines built-in numeric types and complex types that represent a wide variety of constructs. These include the file system, network connections, collections and arrays of objects, and dates. A typical C# program uses types from the class library and user-defined types that model the concepts that are specific to the program's problem domain.

The C# language's exception handling features help you deal with any unexpected or exceptional situations that occur when a program is running. Exception handling uses the try, catch, and finally keywords to try actions that may not succeed, to handle failures when you decide that it's reasonable to do so, and to clean up resources afterward. Exceptions can be generated by the common language runtime (CLR), by .NET or third-party libraries, or by application code. Exceptions are created by using the throw keyword.

In many cases, an exception may be thrown not by a method that your code has called directly, but by another method further down in the call stack. When an exception is thrown, the CLR will unwind the stack, looking for a method with a catch block for the specific exception type, and it will execute the first such catch block that it finds. If it finds no appropriate catch block anywhere in the call stack, it will terminate the process and display a message to the user.
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